Posted on October 10, 2017 by Tracy Hester
There’s nothing like a good catastrophe to make your typical disaster planning look bad.
You hear the word “unprecedented” a lot in Houston these days. Hurricane Harvey brought an astonishing 50.1 inches of rain to the Houston region over three days, which means the storm effectively provided our entire annual rainfall within the space of three weeks. The deluge damaged 195,714 homes in Texas, forced over 7,500 Texans into emergency shelters, shut down power and transportation to thousands more, and triggered hundreds of inspiring do-it-yourself rescue missions as flooded neighbors helped each other when official high water rescue teams faced impossible demands.
The environmental cost was, also, “unprecedented.” Even Tropical Storm Allison and Hurricane Ike did not cause the scale of refinery shutdowns, upset emissions, wastewater treatment system disruption, and chemical plant incidents (including spectacular explosions and fires at the Arkema chemical plant) that we saw in the greater Houston region during Harvey. At least 13 CERCLA sites in the greater Houston area flooded, and EPA was unable to even access numerous sites for over a week to assess any damages or identify any releases.
“Unprecedented,” however, has a different connotation when viewed through a legal lens. The post-Harvey environmental liability battles have only just begun, and they promise to raise a broad array of challenging legal issues. The flooding damage lawsuits alone (including takings claims against the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers) are multiplying fast. In particular, EPA has already contacted PRPs at some flooded CERCLA sites to demand that they respond to hazardous substance releases – which might have some ACOEL members closely scrutinizing the model reopener provisions and the scope of covenants not to sue in their clients’ consent decrees. The Act of God defense will likely get a fresh re-examination, including arguments about how to apply it when hurricanes – even massive ones – are not exactly a surprise in the Gulf Coast region. And fires, explosions, and discharges at facilities could turn a spotlight onto the scope of the general duty clause under Section 112r of the Clean Air Act and the legal penalties for inaccurate or delayed initial release reports under CERCLA and other statutes.
In the long run, Texas and Houston – and other coastal states, counties, cities and towns– will need to revise their disaster frameworks to anticipate and account for Harvey-type storms into the future. These storms are no longer, unfortunately, “unprecedented,” and the standard terms of consent decrees and agreed orders on liability for secondary releases from post-remediation incidents will need a lot more scrutiny than they’ve typically received.
Tags: Hurricane Harvey, Act of God, CERCLA, Reopener, Clean Air Act